it’s not that ideas are getting harder to find, it’s institutions

great concise talk for motivating the problem

• most of progress is not just the idea, it’s implementation, commercialization, and scaling
• one grad student in bio can do things an entire lab couldn’t dream of 50 years ago
• lots of countries have negative TFP growth (even Italy!) — it’s not that they don’t have access to the same knowledge as the US